Indicators for evaluation of specialized dental centers by experts consensus method / Indicadores para la evaluación de centros dentales especializados por método de consenso de expertos / ndicadores para a avaliação de centros odontológicos especializados pelo método do consenso de especialistas

Introdução:Os Centros Dentários Especializados devem apoiar a Atenção Primária à Saúde dentro de uma complexidade média. Objetivo:Construirindicadores de desempenho com base em um modelo lógico que ilustra os recursos, atividades, produtos e resultados exigidos por um Centro Odontológico Especializado para cumprir sua missão. Metodologia:Para validá-los, professores, gerentes médios e gerentes (n = 6) atribuíram uma pontuação (0-9) a cada atributo (validade, sensibilidade, especificidade, relevância, simplicidade,custo-benefício, oportunidade) dos indicadores, antes e depois da discussão em grupo. Resultados:Dos 82 indicadores iniciais, 63 foram considerados importantes por consenso (mediana ≥7; distância interquartil ≤2) relacionados à motivação para o trabalho;absenteísmo às consultas; atmosfera organizacional; segurança do paciente; gestão participativa; recursos financeiros; produtividade; educação em saúde e interação Centro Dentário Especializado/Cuidados Primários formaram a matriz final que prevê subsidiar avaliações de desempenho, principalmente baseadas em processos de trabalho. Conclusões:A matriz final de indicadores é coerente com as discussões, onde foi essencial propor indicadores, focalizando os processos de trabalho desenvolvidos e a integração aatenção primária à saúde e os centros dentários especializados em favor da rede de saúde. Assim, procura constituir uma ferramenta de auto-avaliação que verifica como os processos de trabalho nos centros dentários especializados se alinham com os valores organizacionais da atenção primária a saúde (AU).

Introducción:Los Centros dentales especializadosdeben respaldar la Atención primaria de salud dentro de una complejidad mediana. Objetivo: Construir indicadores de rendimiento basados en un modelo lógico que ilustre los recursos, las actividades, los productos y los resultados que necesita un Centro Dental Especializado para cumplir su misión. Metodología:Para validarlos, profesores, mandos intermedios y gerentes (n = 6) asignaron un puntaje (0-9) a cada atributo (validez, sensibilidad, especificidad, relevancia, simplicidad, costo-efectividad, oportunidad) de los indicadores, antes y después discusión de grupo. Resultados: De82 indicadores iniciales, 63 se consideraron importantes por consenso (mediana ≥7, distancia intercuartílica ≤2) relacionados con la motivación para el trabajo; ausentismo a las consultas; ambiente organizacional; seguridad del paciente; administracion Participativa; recursos financieros; productividad; educación e interacción con la salud. El Centro Dental Especializado / Atención Primaria formó la matriz final que contempla subsidiar las evaluaciones de desempeño, principalmente basadas en procesos de trabajo. Conclusiones: La matriz de indicadores final es coherente con los debates, en los que era esencial proponer indicadores, centrándose en los procesos de trabajo desarrollados y en la integración de la atención primaria y los centros dentales especializados en favor de la red sanitaria. Así, pretende constituir una herramienta de autoevaluación que verifique cómo los procesos de trabajo en los centros odontológicos especializados se alinean con los valores organizativos de la atención primaria (AU).

Introduction:Specialized Dental Centers should support Primary Health Care within medium complexity. Objective:Build performance indicators based on a logic model that illustrates the resources, activities, products, and results required by a Specialized Dental Center to fulfill its mission. Methodology:To validate them, teachers, middle managers and managers (n = 6) assigned a score (0-9) to each attribute (validity, sensitivity, specificity, relevance, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, opportunity) of the indicators, before and after group discussion. Results:From 82 initial indicators, 63 were considered important by consensus (median ≥7; interquartile distance ≤2) related to motivation for work; absenteeism to the consultations; organizational atmosphere; patient safety; participative management; financial resources; productivity; health education and interaction Specialized Dental Center/Primary Care formed the final matrix that envisages to subsidize performance evaluations, mainly based on work processes. Conclusions:The final indicator matrix is consistent with the discussions, where it was essential to propose indicators, focusing on the work processes developed and the integration of primary health care and specialized dental centers in favor of the health network. Thus, it seeks to constitute a self-assessment tool that verifies how the work processes in the specialized dental centers align with the organizational values of primary health care (AU).

Dental Status of Firefighters of Rio de Janeiro State and Comparison with Brazilian Oral Health Surveys

ABSTRACT Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess clinical dental status in military firefighters of Rio de Janeiro State and compare data with Brazilian National and Regional oral health surveys. Material and Methods: A sample of 926 military firefighters was examined using the visible biofilm index, the DMFT index and the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Clinical exams were performed by 15 trained dentists. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction were used. Results: Higher biofilm accumulation was associated with increased age. The mean DMFT index for the whole sample of this study was 12.74 (±7.03), and the 'filled' component was the most prevalent (69.9%), whereas the 'decayed' and 'missing' components were, respectively, 8.4% and 21.7%. There was a higher prevalence of periodontal diseases with increasing age, ranging from 57.1% in firefighters of 34 years or less to 70.5% in the ones between 35 and 44 years old and 75.4% in participants at age 45 years or older. Clinical dental status of the military firefighters who belonged to the age group 35-44 was better than the one observed for the Brazilian population at the same age range. However, pathological conditions that can be solved with health promotion strategies associated with dental procedures of low complexity still persist. Conclusion: These results suggest that the availability of dental health care services itself does not represent the most effective approach to the oral health problems found in the studied population.

What are the challenges of epidemiological research during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic had an impact in several areas, and in scientific research was not different. Researchers are working from their homes since research facilities and universities were closed, and face-to-face interaction where limited to stop the virus spread. This brought a lot of changes in observational studies, especially in epidemiology research. Since most studies are being conducted through internet-based assessments, researchers are facing different challenges regarding data collection and participants recruitment, for example. In this paper, we share some of the challenges faced in a population-based study conducted in Southern Brazil, as well as possible alternatives to help researchers to overcome these issues.

Satisfacción y calidad percibida de afiliados al Sistema de Protección Social en Salud de México. Fundamentos metodológicos / Satisfaction and perceived quality of people insured by the Social Health Protection in Mexico. Methodological foundations

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el marco conceptual, metodología de implementación y análisis de la Encuesta de Satisfacción de Usuarios del Sistema de Protección Social en Salud de México. Material y métodos: Se analizan los elementos metodológicos de los estudios de 2013, 2014 y 2015, incluyendo el instrumento utilizado, el muestreo y el diseño del estudio, el modelo conceptual, las características y los indicadores del análisis. Resultados: La encuesta captura información sobre calidad percibida y satisfacción. El muestreo tiene representación nacional y estatal. Se construyen y describen indicadores simples y compuestos (índice de satisfacción y porcentaje de problemas de calidad reportados). El análisis se completa mediante diagramas de Pareto, correlación entre indicadores y asociación con la satisfacción mediante modelos multivariados. Conclusiones: La medición de satisfacción y calidad percibida es un proceso complejo pero necesario para cumplir con la normativa y para identificar estrategias de mejora. La encuesta descrita presenta diseño y análisis rigurosos enfocados en su utilidad para mejorar.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the conceptual framework and methods for implementation and analysis of the satisfaction survey of the Mexican System for Social Protection in Health. Materials and methods: We analyze the methodological elements of the 2013, 2014 and 2015 surveys, including the instrument, sampling method and study design, conceptual framework, and characteristics and indicators of the analysis. Results: The survey captures information on perceived quality and satisfaction. Sampling has national and State representation. Simple and composite indicators (index of satisfaction and rate of reported quality problems) are built and described. The analysis is completed using Pareto diagrams, correlation between indicators and association with satisfaction by means of multivariate models. Conclusions: The measurement of satisfaction and perceived quality is a complex but necessary process to comply with regulations and to identify strategies for improvement. The described survey presents a design and rigorous analysis focused on its utility for improving.

Reflexiones sobre la conceptualización y la medición del acceso a los servicios de salud en Argentina: el caso de la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo 2009 / Reflections on the conceptualization and measurement of access to health services in Argentina: The case of the National Survey of Risk Factors 2009

En este artículo reflexionamos sobre la complejidad que presentan la conceptualización y la medición del acceso a los servicios de salud. Presentamos los modelos teóricos que habitualmente se utilizan para abordar la temática y las diferentes formas de operacionalizarlos, dando cuenta de sus implicancias para el análisis de los datos y la información obtenida. Tomamos como ejemplo la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo realizada en Argentina en el año 2009. Mostramos que esta encuesta ofrece información importante para comprender las desigualdades en el acceso a los servicios de salud; sin embargo, observamos que la forma en que mide y analiza el acceso puede subregistrar la problemática de las barreras en la utilización de los servicios de salud, captando solamente las situaciones extremas.

In this article we reflect on the complexity surrounding the conceptualization and measurement of access to health services. We present the theoretical models habitually used to approach the issue and different ways of operationalizing these models, taking into account the implications for the analysis of the data and the information obtained. As an example of this complexity, we analyze the National Survey of Risk Factors [Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo] conducted in Argentina in 2009. We show that the survey provides important information for understanding inequalities in access to health services. However, the way in which the barriers to access to the health system are measured may underreport the problem by only capturing extreme situations.

Rinitis alérgica, prevalencia y factores de riesgo en adolescentes cubanos / Allergic rhinitis, prevalence and risk factors among Cuban adolescents

Introducción: la rinitis alérgica es una afección común que afecta el 10 por ciento-30 por ciento de la población mundial. Se desconoce la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo a escala nacional. Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo de rinitis alérgica en adolescentes de 13 y 14 años. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. Diseño muestral complejo. Encuestados 5 799 escolares (áreas urbanas y rurales del país). Se aplicó el cuestionario Estudio Internacional de Asma y Alergias en la Infancia. Se añadieron variables para evaluar exposición a posibles factores de riesgo. Se calcularon razones de disparidad (IC 95 por ciento) y se trabajaron modelos de regresión logística. Se realizó revisión bibliográfica actualizada, periodo 2008-2013, para contrastar los datos obtenidos en la encuesta nacional con los referidos en la literatura internacional. Resultados: participación de estudiantes: 86 por ciento. Prevalencia de rinitis en los últimos 12 meses: 38 por ciento; rinoconjuntivitis, 29 por ciento. Se asoció significativamente a sexo femenino: 1,68 (1,66-1,70), historia familiar de asma-alergia: 2,02 (1,99-2,05), convivencia con fumadores: 1,09 (1,07-1,11), hacinamiento en vivienda: 1,14 (1,12-1,16), ventilación inadecuada: 1,15 (1,13-1,16), tenencia de mascotas: perro, 1,25 (1,23-1,27), ubicación de vivienda y escuela en avenidas principales: 1,27 (1,24-1,29) y 1,10 (1,08-1,12) respectivamente y solucionar problemas en el núcleo familiar peleando o conversando: 1,31 (1,28-1,33). Conclusiones: la rinitis alérgica es una condición frecuente y subdiagnosticada en los adolescentes cubanos. La mayoría de los factores de riesgo identificados son modificables. La vigencia de los hallazgos encontrados descansa en que la dinámica de las enfermedades crónicas no se observan variaciones a corto plazo. Se construyó una línea de base a escala nacional, que permitirá la evaluación de la efectividad de acciones preventivas y de control(AU)

Introduction: Allergic rhinitis is a common condition affecting 10 percent-30 percent of the world population. The prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis on a national scale are not known. Objective: Estimate the prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis among 13- and 14-year-old adolescents. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Complex sampling design. 5 799 school children from urban and rural areas were surveyed using the questionnaire International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Variables were added to include exposure to potential risk factors. Odds ratios (CI 95 percent) were estimated and logistic regression models were developed. An updated bibliographic review was conducted of the 2008-2013 period to contrast the data obtained by the national survey with those in the international literature. Results: Participation of students: 86 percent. Prevalence of rhinitis in the last 12 months: 38 percent; rhinoconjunctivitis: 29 percent. The condition was significantly associated with the following variables: female sex: 1,68 (1,66-1,70); a family history of asthma-allergy: 2,02 (1,99-2,05); living with smokers: 1,09 (1,07-1,11); overcrowded household: 1,14 (1,12-1,16); inadequate ventilation: 1,15 (1,13-1,16); pet ownership: dog: 1,25 (1,23-1,27); location of the home and school on main avenues: 1,27 (1,24-1,29) and 1,10 (1,08-1,12), respectively; and dealing with family problems by talking or fighting: 1,31 (1,28-1,33). Conclusions: Allergic rhinitis is a frequent though underdiagnosed condition among Cuban adolescents. Most of the risk factors identified are modifiable. Currency of the findings rests on the fact that short-term variations are not typically found in the dynamics of chronic disease. A national baseline was developed which will permit evaluation of the effectiveness of prevention and control actions(AU)

Adaptación y validación de la escala de bienestar materno en situación de parto: segunda versión para escenarios de asistencia integral / Adaptation and validation of Maternal Welfare Scale (BMSP2)

Antecedentes: La literatura actual ha mostrado escasa información respecto del bienestar materno durante el proceso de parto. Objetivo: Mejorar la exigencia de la Escala Bienestar materno en Situación de Parto (BMSP1), para ser utilizada en modalidades integrales de asistencia, se adapta la versión inicial y se valida estadísticamente. Método: Se utiliza una muestra no probabilística de 223 puérperas de bajo riesgo, que participan como grupo control, previo a la implementación del Centro de Asistencia Integral del Parto en un hospital público de Santiago. A la escala BMSP1 se agregan 10 afirmaciones alineadas con las políticas de parto integral y, posteriormente, se le aplica dos pruebas psicométricas que permiten evaluar su consistencia interna y reagrupar los ítems en nuevas dimensiones-subescalas. Resultados: Se obtiene un instrumento válido y fiable, apto para recoger la percepción de bienestar en modalidades de asistencia integral del parto. Se compone de 7 dimensiones que agrupan a 47 afirmaciones de bienestar o malestar. La primera, referida al cuidado relacional de calidad, concentra la mayor cantidad de afirmaciones. El resto de las dimensiones agrupan, cada una, a lo menos 4 ítems de bienestar o malestar, y se refieren a las condiciones ambientales, a la percepción de contacto precoz con el hijo, al acompañamiento familiar, a las medidas de autocuidado y confort, al cuidado oportuno y respetuoso; asimismo, la que tiene relación con la despersonalización del cuidado. Conclusión: La escala BMSP2 es aplicable para evaluar bienestar materno en escenarios de parto con las exigencias de un proceso integral, de calidad y seguridad.

Background: Current literature has shown scant information on maternal well-being during the birth process. Objective: With the purpose of applying methods of integral childbirth assistance to improve the standards of Maternal Welfare Scale (BMSP1), the initial version of has been adapted and subjected to statistical validation. Method: We have used a non-probabilistic sample of two hundred and twenty three low risk women during their puerperium period, who took part as a base controlled group, before the implementation of the Integral Childbirth Assistance Centre in a public hospital in Santiago. Ten statements that were in line with integral childbirth policies were added to the BMSP1; and two psychometric tests, which allowed evaluation of internal consistency and construct validity. Results: The attainment of a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating the perception of wellbeing in integral assistance methods in childbirth. It has seven dimensions that can be grouped into 47 measures of wellbeing or discomfort. The first, which contains a larger number of statements or measures, refers to quality relational care. The remaining dimensions are collections of at least four items of wellbeing or discomfort each, and focus on environmental conditions, early contact with the child, family support, self-care methods, adequate and respectful attention, as well as the correlation with impersonalized care. Conclusion: The BMSP2 scale can be used to evaluate maternal welfare in childbirth scenarios with the standards of an integral, secure and high quality process.

Level of agreement among Latin American glaucoma subspecialists on the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma: results of an online survey / Nível de concordância entre subespecialistas de glaucoma latino-americanos sobre o diagnóstico e tratamento do glaucoma: resultados de uma pesquisa digital

PURPOSE: The aim of this research was to assess the level of agreement among glaucoma experts in Latin America on key practices related to treatment and diagnosis of glaucoma. METHODS: An online questionnaire was sent to a multinational panel of glaucoma experts. The questionnaire contained 107 statements on the medical treatment (Part 1) and diagnosis (Part 2) of glaucoma, and was developed in Spanish and translated into English. Agreement was defined as >70% of respondents. RESULTS: Fifty participants from 14 countries completed the questionnaire. For the medical treatment of glaucoma, nearly all respondents (98% or greater) confirmed that medical treatment as first-line therapy is preferred to surgery, prostaglandin analogs are the medication of first choice for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), longitudinal monitoring of efficacy should include intraocular pressure, structural and functional status, as well as if patients' quality of life is impaired by the high cost of medication. For the diagnosis of glaucoma section, all respondents confirmed that, after initial examination, gonioscopy should be repeated over time, standard automated perimetry is the most important functional examination for diagnosis and monitoring of primary open-angle glaucoma, central corneal thickness is important in assessment of glaucoma, and computerized imaging tests help in clinical evaluation of optic disc. CONCLUSIONS: This survey shows a high level of agreement on most aspects of glaucoma diagnosis and treatment among Latin American glaucoma experts. Areas of disagreement highlight the need for further evidence or education. These findings will be useful for guiding future efforts to optimize glaucoma practice by clinicians in Latin America.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o nível de concordância entre os especialistas de glaucoma na América Latina sobre as práticas mais importantes relacionadas ao tratamento e diagnóstico de glaucoma. MÉTODOS: Um questionário digital foi enviado a um painel multinacional de especialistas em glaucoma. O questionário continha 107 declarações sobre o tratamento médico (Parte 1) e diagnóstico (Parte 2) de glaucoma, e foi desenvolvido em espanhol e traduzido para o Inglês. Concordância foi definida como > 70% dos entrevistados. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta participantes de 14 países responderam ao questionário. Para o tratamento médico de glaucoma, quase todas as respostas (98% ou mais), confirmaram que o tratamento médico como terapia de primeira linha é preferido para a cirurgia, os análogos das prostaglandinas são os medicamentos de primeira escolha para o glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (GPAA), a monitoração longitudinal eficácia deve incluir a pressão intraocular o estado estrutural e funcional além da qualidade de vida do paciente ser prejudicada pelo alto custo da medicação. Para a seção sobre o diagnóstico de glaucoma, todos os entrevistados confirmaram que, após análise inicial, a gonioscopia deve ser repetida ao longo do tempo, a perimetria automatizada padrão é o exame funcional mais importante para o diagnóstico e monitoramento do glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto, a espessura corneana central é importante na avaliação do glaucoma e exames de imagem computadorizados ajudam na avaliação clínica do disco óptico. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo mostra um alto nível de concordância na maioria dos aspectos do diagnóstico e tratamento de glaucoma entre os especialistas em glaucoma latino-americanos. Áreas de desacordo destacam a necessidade de novas evidências ou educação. Estes resultados serão úteis para orientar futuros esforços na otimização de práticas em relação ao glaucoma por médicos da América Latina.

Utilización de los servicios médicos en un área de salud / Use of medical services in a health area

Introducción: en la utilización de los servicios de salud convergen no solo la necesidad de atención de la población en términos de enfermedad, sino sus creencias y aspectos culturales; pero, sobre todo, el complejo contexto en que se da la prestación de servicios. Objetivo: exponer las características sociodemográficas y las enfermedades o sintomatologías más frecuentes en la población del área de salud Marcio Manduley, del municipio Centro Habana, y los que hicieron uso de los servicios de salud durante el período abril - junio de 2010. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. Se seleccionó una muestra poblacional representativa del área; se tomó en consideración el total de viviendas. Como se desconoce la prevalencia del factor bajo estudio, se maximizó la muestra tomando como prevalencia el 50 porciento, la precisión en 10 porciento y una posible caída muestral del 10 pociento. El tamaño muestral fue de 408 familias. Se aplicaron cuestionarios a todos los integrantes de las familias seleccionadas y en particular a aquellos individuos que durante los últimos 30 días enfermaron e hicieron uso de algún servicio de salud. Resultados: se obtuvieron datos de 1 244 personas; de ellas enfermaron 25,1 pociento en los últimos 30 días y el 17,7 porciento hizo uso de servicios formales de salud. Las enfermedades más frecuentes fueron respiratorias, cardiovasculares y osteomioarticular. La puerta de entrada al sistema de salud más utilizada fue el consultorio médico (54,1 porciento). Conclusiones: en nuestro estudio los factores del individuo que influyen en la utilización de los servicios de salud son el nivel de enfermedad percibida o necesidad de salud y el sexo

Introduction: use of health services is determined not only by the need of health care in case of illness, but also by beliefs and cultural views, and above all by the complex environment in which services are rendered. Objective: present the sociodemographic characteristics and the most common conditions and symptoms in Marcio Manduley health area, municipality of Centro Habana, and describe the use of health services in the period from April to June 2010. Methods: descriptive cross-sectional study of a representative sample of the population in the area, taking into consideration the total number of households. Since the prevalence of the factor under study is unknown, the sample was maximized to a prevalence of 50 percent, an accuracy of 10 percent and a potential sample dropout rate of 10 percent. The sample size was 408 households. Questionnaires were given to all members of the households selected, particularly to those who had been ill in the previous 30 days and had made use of any health service. Results: data were obtained about 1 244 persons, of whom 25.1 percent had been ill in the previous 30 days and 17.7 percent had made use of formal health services. The most frequent conditions were respiratory, cardiovascular and osteoarticular. Family doctors' offices were the most common entrance door to the health care system (54.1 percent). Conclusions: according to our study, the factors exerting the greatest influence on the use of health services by the population are the level of perceived severity of the illness or need of medical care, and gender

El trabajo comunitario como instrumento de humanización en las personas con VIH/sida / Community work like a humanization tool in HIV/AIDS persons

Se realizó un estudio de intervención comunitaria en la población del consultorio 26 del Policlínico Facultad Josué País García de Santiago de Cuba en el 2005, con el objetivo de modificar conocimientos y criterios acerca de las ventajas del Sistema de Atención Ambulatoria para las personas con el virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana y el Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida, de un universo de 416 pacientes se selecciono una muestra de 236 por le método aleatorio simple en las edades de 15 _ 59 años, a los que se les aplicó un cuestionario antes y después de la intervención donde se utilizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, escolaridad, conocimientos sobre el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/ síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, vías de tratamiento que reciben estas personas, todo esto nos permitió diseñar la técnica de intervención. Los datos obtenidos se procesaron por le método manual utilizando una calculadora y los resultados se exponen en tablas estadísticas utilizando el porciento como unidad de resumen. Obteniéndose como resultado que el grupo de 30 _ 34 años y el sexo femenino fueron los de mayor prevalencia, el conocimiento sobre la forma de propagación del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana fue adecuado, mientras que existía desconocimiento sobre la forma de tratamiento de estas personas, el cual se modificó al concluir la intervención y se logró que el 99,2 por ciento de nuestra población objeto de estudio aceptará el sistema de atención ambulatorio como la vía de reinserción a la sociedad de las personas con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana(AU)

A study on community intervention in patients from consulting room No. 26 of Josué País García Faculty Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba province during 2005 to modify the knowledges and criteria on advantages of Ambulatory Care System for HIV/AIDS persons, from a sample of 416 patients we selected 236 for simple random method aged 15-19 applying a questionnaire before and after intervention using the following variables: age, sex, schooling, knowledges on human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, treatment ways for these persons, allowing us to design the intervention technique. Data obtained were processed by manual method using a calculator and the results are showed in statistical tables using the percentage like the summary unit. As a result, the group aged 30-34 and female sex had the higher prevalence, the knowledge on the human immunodeficiency virus transmission route was adequate but there was an ignorance on the treatment of these persons being modified when the intervention concluded and we achieved that 99,2 percent of our study population will accept the ambulatory care system like its way of social reintegration of people presenting this disease(AU)

Bienestar materno durante el proceso de parto: desarrollo y aplicación de una escala de medición / Maternal wellbeing in childbirth: application and development of a scale score

Objetivo: Diseñar y validar un instrumento objetivo y autoaplicable para evaluar el nivel de bienestar que experimentan las mujeres en situación de parto. Método: Se consideró la combinación de las metodologías cualitativas y cuantitativas. A través de grupos de focos y entrevistas individuales, se recogió la percepción subjetiva del bienestar materno, sus indicadores y sus distintas dimensiones. En la tapa cuantitativa, a través de un diseño correlacional de corte transversal, se validó la escala y se exploró el nivel de bienestar materno en 303 mujeres puérperas que tuvieron su parto en un hospital público del área sur oriente de Santiago. Resultados: La Escala de Bienestar Materno en Situación de Parto BMSP, exploró el bienestar materno en tres niveles: óptimo, adecuado y malestar; más de un 60 por ciento de las mujeres reportaron un nivel de bienestar adecuado u óptimo, referido al "buen trato", asociándose significativamente al tipo de parto y la paridad de la mujeres. El puntaje de bienestar no se relaciona con la hora del turno, con la situación de pareja, ni con el nivel educacional y socioeconómico de las mujeres. La dimensión que mejor se correlaciona con el bienestar corresponde al cuidado profesional de calidad, la que reportó mejor puntaje como subescala. Conclusión: El instrumento permitió evaluar el bienestar materno durante el parto

Objective: To design and test an objective and self-administered instrument in order to evaluate the wellbeing of women during childbirth. Method: Combinations of qualitative and quantitative methodologies were considered. Using focus groups and individual interviews, the subjective perception of maternal wellbeing in its distinct dimensions was explored. In the quantitative phase, using a cross sectional correlational design, the scale was tested and validated in 303 women post-partum in a public hospital in the south west section of Santiago, and at the same time the level of wellbeing of women in childbirth was explored. Results: The Scale of Maternal Wellbeing in Childbirth, explored maternal wellbeing in three levels: optimal, adequate and unpleasant; more than 60 percent of the women reported their level of wellbeing as adequate or optimal, significantly associated with the type of delivery and parity of the women. The score of wellbeing was not associated with time of shift, partner status, level of education, or socio-economic status of the women. The dimension that significantly correlated with the wellbeing score was the quality of professional care, this one reported de highest score as a subscale. Conclusion: The instrument allow to evaluate the maternal wellbeing during childbirth

Avaliação de efetividade da Atenção Básica à Saúde em municípios das regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil: contribuições metodológicas / Evaluation of the effectiveness of Primary Health Care in South and Northeast Brazil: methodological contributions

O artigo apresenta a metodologia de Estudo de Linha de Base (ELB), que avaliou a efetividade da Estratégia Saúde da Família em comparação às unidades básicas de saúde tradicionais. A base do estudo foi composta por 41 municípios acima de 100 mil habitantes, 21 da Região Sul e vinte do Nordeste. Principal variável dependente e pressuposto da base amostral do ELB, a efetividade das ações programáticas das unidades básicas de saúde foi examinada na população de sua área de abrangência, por meio de inquérito epidemiológico. O modelo de atenção das unidades básicas de saúde foi a principal variável independente. Seu efeito sobre as ações programáticas foi controlado por região geopolítica, região metropolitana e porte populacional dos municípios. A cobertura das ações foi caracterizada segundo aspectos sócio-econômicos, demográficos e de saúde. A utilização de grupos de comparação, amostras por múltiplos estágios, medidas padronizadas, controle de características geográficas e sócio-demográficas da população e critérios bem definidos para julgar os achados são contribuições da metodologia utilizada para o delineamento de futuros estudos de avaliação da Atenção Básica à Saúde.

The article presents the methodology used in the Baseline Study that evaluated the effectiveness of the Family Health Strategy as compared to traditional primary health care units. The study included 41 municipalities with more than 100 thousand inhabitants each, 21 from the South and 20 from the Northeast of Brazil. As the principal dependent variable and underlying premise for sampling in the Baseline Study, the effectiveness of program activities in the primary care units was analyzed in the population within the respective coverage areas, using an epidemiological survey. The health care model in the primary care units was the principal independent variable. Its effect on program activities was controlled according to geopolitical region, metropolitan area, and population size in the municipalities. Coverage of the activities was characterized according to socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related factors. The use of comparison groups, multiple-stage samples, standardized measures, adjustment for geographic and socio-demographic characteristics, and well-defined criteria for judging the findings are contributions by the methodology employed here for designing future studies to evaluate primary health care.

Prevalence and pattern of alternative medicine use: the results of a household survey

Alternative medicine [AM] encompasses all forms of therapies that fall outside the mainstream of medical practice. Its popularity is on the increase. Because previous surveys were limited and not generalizable, we estimated the prevalence, pattern and factors associated with use of AM in the community. A multistage cluster cross-sectional household survey was conducted among Saudi residents of the Riyadh region. Data were collected in 2003 by trained interviewers from primary health care centers using a specially designed questionnaire. Of 1408 individuals participating in the study, 39% were men. The mean [ +/- SD] age for the study population was 35.5 [ +/- 13.9] years. Sixty-eight percent of the respondents had used AM during the last 12 months. The Holy Quran as a therapy was the most frequently used AM [50.3%], followed by honey [40.1%], black seed [39.2%] and myrrh [35.4%]. The health belief model was found to be the most important determinant of AM use. Factors independently associated with AM use included perceived failure of medical treatment, the perceived success of AM, a preference for natural materials, and long appointment intervals to see physicians. There is a high prevalence of AM use in the Riyadh region and the most important determinant of AM use was the perceived failure of medical treatment. The study results call for intensive health education campaigns in the media addressing wrong beliefs regarding AM and modern medicine. The popularity of AM in this community should alert decision makers to look at the difficult accessibility to the health system

Dolor postoperatorio en niños: diagnóstico de situación en unidad de recuperación / Postoperative pain in children: diagnosis of situation in recovery unit

Objetivo: Estudio descriptivo. Evaluación nivel del dolor en el postoperatorio inmediato de pacientes pediátricos y su correlación con técnica analgésica del intraoperatorio. Método: A través de una pauta previamente diseñada, se evaluó a niños operados de cirugía electiva y urgencia e ingresados en las unidades de recuperación (UR) de 2 hospitales de Santiago. Se registró el tipo de analgesia del intraoperatorio y el nivel de dolor durante el postoperatorio inmediato de acuerdo a escala visual análoga. También se registró la analgesia de rescate. Resultados: 173 niños ingresaron al estudio (febrero a junio de 2004). Todos recibieron analgésicos durante el intraoperatorio. El 99 por ciento de los casos recibió más de una droga. El AINE más usado fue ketoprofeno (70.3 por ciento) y de los opioides, fentanyl (90.8 por ciento). El 73 por ciento de los casos fueron candidatos a bloqueo analgésico regional, el cual se realizó en el 42 por ciento de ellos. El 62 por ciento, presentaba un EVA <3 al momento del ingreso a recuperación. A los 30 min, el 81 por ciento tenía EVA <3 y a los 60 min 96 por ciento. Ningún paciente presentaba dolor al momento del alta. Fué necesario rescate (EVA >3) en 37 por ciento, de los pacientes al ingreso a la UR, 18 por ciento requirió rescate a los 30 min y sólo 3 por ciento a los 60. Se eligió un opioide en 59 por ciento de casos y AINES en 40 por ciento (confeccionar tabla). Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que el dolor postoperatorio inmediato en pediatría, es en la mayoría de los pacientes de intensidad sólo leve a moderada. Esto debido probablemente al adecuado uso de analgesia multimodal durante el intraoperatorio. Además, responde favorablemente tanto a AINES como a opioides. También sugieren que los analgésicos opioides son la droga de elección para rescate analgésico. En ningún paciente hubo retraso del alta por motivo de dolor.

Objective: To survey the analgesic technique used during surgery and its postoperative effectiveness. A modified Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Clinical Scale Measurement were obtained from 173 operated children, from two hospitals of Santiago. We also registered requesting of aditional analgesia. Results: In recovery room, at the arrival time (T0), VAS was < 3 in 62 percent, of our patients, in 81 percent and 96 percent at 30 and 60 min respectively. And 100 percent at discharge. The request of aditional analgesia at T0 (VAS >3) was registered in 37 percent children, and at 30 and 60 min in 18 percent and 3 percent respectively. The choice of an opiod was in 59 percent of cases and NSAID'S in 40 percent. Conclusions: All the children had their postoperstive analgesia started during the surgery. In 99 percent of the cases more than one drug was selected. Being ketoprofen the most common NSAID and fentanyl in the opiods. Regional blockades were used in 73 percent in whom it was suiteble. All our patients were discharged without pain and no further treatment was needed.

Health care users' satisfaction in Brazil, 2003 / Satisfação dos usuários com a assistência de saúde no Brasil, 2003

Evaluation of users' satisfaction with the health system brings back longstanding questions concerning the quality of services provided to the Brazilian population. The current study analyzes satisfaction with outpatient and inpatient care based on the results of the World Health Survey, conducted in Brazil in 2003. To explain satisfaction with various aspects of care through a small number of factors, the factor analysis technique was used, through principal components analysis (PCA). Multiple regression models identified associations between satisfaction scores and different sociodemographic variables. For outpatient care, waiting time showed the lowest degree of satisfaction, and in the case of hospitalization, freedom to choose the physician was the worst evaluated aspect. Three components were extracted from the PCA, related respectively to satisfaction with health professionals, health services, and health problem solution. Multiple regression analysis showed that having experienced some type of discrimination (on the basis of gender, age, poverty, social class, skin color, or type of disease) and being an exclusive user of the public National Health System involved a lower degree of users' satisfaction.

A avaliação da satisfação com o sistema de saúde soba ótica do usuário recoloca antigos questionamentosquanto à qualidade dos serviços oferecidos à populaçãobrasileira. Este trabalho analisa os resultadossobre satisfação com a assistência de saúde prestada(ambulatorial e internação) da Pesquisa Mundial deSaúde, realizada no Brasil no ano de 2003. Com o objetivode explicar a satisfação com o atendimento emseus aspectos por meio de um pequeno número de fatores,foi utilizada a técnica de análise fatorial porcomponentes principais (ACP). Modelos de regressãomúltipla permitiram identificar associações dos escoresde satisfação com diferentes variáveis sócio-demográficas.O tempo de espera foi o item que demonstroumenor grau de satisfação, no caso de atendimentoambulatorial, e a liberdade de escolha do profissionalde saúde, no caso de internação. Na ACP foramextraídos três componentes, que se relacionaram à satisfaçãocom os profissionais, serviços e resolução doproblema de saúde. A regressão múltipla revelou queter sofrido algum tipo de discriminação (por sexo,idade, pobreza, classe social, raça ou tipo de doença) eser usuário exclusivo do SUS implica o menor grau desatisfação dos usuários com o atendimento recebido.

La calidad de la atencion y la informacion son derechos del paciente / The quality of attention and the information are right of the patient

Es un trabajo prospectivo en un periodo de 6 meses. El objetivo principal es conocer la percepcion del paciente respeto a la calidad que ofrece el Hospital Clinico VIEDMA, en la ciudad de Cohabamba. Se realizaron 1200 encuestas distribuidas en los diferentes Consultorios Medicos, Servicios Auxiliares y de Diagnostico. Los resultados mostraron que en general los usuarios se encuentran satisfechos con el servicio otorgado, llegando a promedios de mas del 80 porciento; algunas espeialidades y consultorios, incluso superan este porcentaje. Sin embargo este promedio puedes ser menor uando se trato otorgado y la perepcion del tratamiento recibido en algunos consultorios, llegando a influir en el resultado final de la encuest. Este trabajo servira para iniciarirulos de calidad

A atenção psicossocial em saúde mental: contribuição teórica para o trabalho terapêutico em rede social / Psychosocial mental health attention: theoretical contribution for a network therapeutic approach

O objetivo principal deste artigo é dar uma contribuição teórica psicossocial ao trabalho terapêutico em rede social, recomendado para os serviços comunitários, no contexto da reforma psiquiátrica brasileira. Considera-se que a porta de entrada desses serviços no SUS (Sistema Unificado de Saúde) seria o CAPS (Centro de Atenção Psicossocial) em saúde mental e o PSF (Programa de Saúde da Família) em saúde geral. O trabalho terapêutico em rede social, nessa primeira micro-organização territorial, funcionaria no interior de uma rede articulada e solidária de unidades sanitárias e inserido em políticas públicas de não abandono ao usuário. Estuda-se principalmente o processo de desconstrução das redes de instituições totais em saúde mental, no circuito hospitalocêntrico, e a construção de um novo sistema de saúde mental que funcione numa dinâmica institucional autopoiética. Essa situação facilitaria então as mediações dialógicas nas relações terapêuticas e entre os diversos atendimentos, com conexões intra e inter institucionais, como também contribuiria para a inserção social do usuário. Em conseqüência, a psicoterapia praticada no CAPS incluiria tanto a possibilidade de variações no enquadre, quanto às intervenções na rede pessoal significativa do usuário, quando necessárias. Conclui-se que estaria havendo, em muitos casos, decalagem entre a teorização proposta e a prática instituída no SUS. Recomenda-se que nas práticas técnico-profissionais e nas políticas públicas sejam tomadas medidas concretas que possam superar esta situação no sentido de melhor qualificar os atendimentos em saúde mental.

Health seeking behavior among insured persons under the Social Security Act, 1990.

Since having health insurance cannot guarantee access to care among the insured persons, their actual health seeking behavior should be evidence reflecting true access. Therefore, the study aimed to present the patterns of health seeking behavior among the insured persons who actually were able to get free services from their registered hospitals under the Social Security Scheme. Purposive sampling was done of 1,003 insured persons who were willing to participate in the study from small, medium and large establishments in the Huai Khwang district in Bangkok. A health diary was employed as one of the data collecting tools with a follow-up period of six months. The average illness rate found was 6.44 episodes/person/year. The characteristics of illnesses reported were described in terms of symptom groups, perceived severity, duration, work or non-work related cause. No treatment or self care, seeking help from non-registered health facilities and seeking help from registered hospitals and clinics were the patterns of health seeking behaviors found in the study. The patterns of health seeking behaviors among the participants varied depending on the stage of treatment, perceived severity of illness and types of additional health benefits. Seeking care from registered hospitals and clinics was found among the illnesses with a higher level of perceived severity, among the participants with chronic diseases, and among the illnesses that were treated with higher stages. Therefore, health insurance might not be able to guarantee true access to needed care for people unless the comprehensive health care provider networks are designed to cover more types of services, be more convenient and have more accessible health care providers.

Tendencia operativa del proceso de mantenimiento odontológico en la Facultad de odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana / Operative trends to the maintenance therapy in the dental clinics at Javeriana University's school of Dentistry

Con el fin de conocer las tendencias operativas que se siguen respecto del programa de mantenimiento de la Facultad de Odontología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, se realizó un estudio descriptivo con diseño no experimental. Se tomó una muestra de 60 docentes de las clínicas integrales, a quienes se les aplicaron encuestas en las cuales se indagaba sobre aspectos como la realización del mantenimiento odontológico, la remisión de los pacientes, el seguimiento del formato, la supervisión de los docentes a los alumnos, y la frecuencia de los controles de mantenimiento. Luego se realizó el análisis primario y se concluyó que los docentes de Periodoncia son los que más realizan y supervisan el mantenimiento, y también son a quienes más se remite para este fin; la mitad de los encuestados seguía el formato de mantenimiento establecido para las clínicas integrales de la facultad; por último, la frecuencia de mantenimiento, después de terminado el tratamiento, depende de la severidad del caso

Atributos del médico tratante: estudio desde el punto de vista del paciente / Physician attributes: a study on patient point of view

Los atributos del médico en su práctica profesional han sido definidos como virtudes de alto valor moral y ético. Sin embargo, éstas representan la perspectiva de los propios médicos respecto a sus pares. Mediante un estudio de encuesta a 104 pacientes adultos con patología quirúrgica no cancerosa, en etapa de diagnóstico se objetivó características deseables en el médico tratante desde el punto de vista del paciente, en relación a ciertas características personales y comunicacionales. El 56 por ciento de la muestra manifestó su opción por médicos con un rango etario definido y de ellos, el 90 por ciento lo prefiere entre 35 y 50 años. Más del 95 por ciento atribuye gran importancia a la seguridad del médico en sí mismo y a la capacidad de escuchar atentamente al paciente y de explicar detalladamente a éste su enfermedad y posibles tratamientos. El 83 por ciento le asignó gran importancia a la presentación personal y de ellos, el 56 por ciento prioriza el aseo personal por sobre el tipo de vestuario o el uso de delantal blanco. Menor importancia se atribuye a la simpatía y la puntualidad. Los pacientes prefieren la seguridad en sí mismo y la capacidad de comunicación como las variables más importantes en su relación con el médico